Chalcosoma chiron males can reach a length of 90-130 mm (3.5-5.1 in), while females grow to 50–60 mm (2.0-2.4 in). Caucasus beetles are the largest of the genus Chalcosoma and one of Asia's largest beetles. They have a striking sexual dimorphism.

The male has specialised enormous, curved horns on its head and thorax that it can use to fight with other males to gain mating rights with females.

A female is significantly smaller. The elytra of the females have a velvety texture, as they are covered by tiny hairs. When males enter into contests for females, the fighting spirit is as strong as in the Hercules beetle of South America.

?Chalcosoma chiron have a reputation of being the world's strongest rhinoceros beetle. The males can grow up to 130mm long. Their head has three large horns. The male's front legs are very long, which allows them to hold on tightly to tree trunks and the females when they mate. They are also very sharp and so are its nails. They can cause cuts and injuries to humans so they must be handled with care. They are very aggressive and strong. It can be challenging to get these beetles to mate as the males have a tendency to violently deal with the female, occasionally resulting in the death of the female.

The male and female should be kept in separate containers. These beetles are also very weak to hot weather. Temperatures above 28 degrees Celsius can lead to the beetle's death. The adult beetles live for around 5 months.Because they can be captured throughout the year, the acquisition of these beetles is easy and the price is quite low. Caucasus beetles differ from Atlas beetles (for which they are often mistaken) in that they have a small tooth on their lower horns.

Their grubs go through three molts, and generally live underground for 12-15 months; the larger males remain grubs longer than females. Their pupae live 1-2 months, while the adults live for 3-5 months. Females live longer than males.